Watergate Scandal Essay Example for Free

Watergate Scandal Essay The Watergate Scandal is one of the most crucial and controversial moments in United States history, proving to be extremely influential in both constitutional and political concerns. What began as a seemingly simple burglary turned out to be a revelation of the abuse of power of the Chief Executive and the violations of the rights of the citizens. It eventually resulted in the first resignation of an American president. The name Watergate is the term designated to collectively identify the scandal and controversy that surrounded the Nixon administration (Patterson 64; â€Å"Watergate†). The scandal began with the burglary which occurred on June 17, 1972, as five men forced entry into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). The DNC office was situated at the Watergate building in Washington, D. C. In the beginning, the burglary was not highly publicized. However, there were two reporters from the Washington Post that persistently followed the story; they were Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward (Washington Post; â€Å"Watergate†). Woodward soon learned that the burglars were from Miami; they used surgical gloves in the burglary and left with a significant sum of money (Washington Post). Bernstein and Woodward soon worked on other reports which began to reveal more about the nature of the burglary (Washington Post). It was later revealed that one of the burglars was James McCord; he was involved in the Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP) (Patterson 64; Washington Post). Afterwards, President Richard Nixon and his chief of staff H. R. Haldeman began planning ways in which the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) can persuade the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to discontinue the investigation regarding the burglary (Washington Post). Some weeks after, the two reporters discovered that the grand jury responsible for the burglary investigation had tried to obtain the testimony of two officials that previously worked in the Nixon White House (Washington Post). These men were E. Howard Hunt, who used to work for the CIA, and G. Gordon Liddy, who used to work for the FBI. Hunt and Liddy participated in the burglary through the use of walkie-talkies; situated in one of the hotel rooms across the building, they used the said device to guide the burglars. In September 1972, Hunt, Liddy, McCord and the four other burglars were charged with burglary, conspiracy and wiretapping (Patterson 64). District Court Judge John J. Sirica was the presiding judge for the case, and he convicted all seven men who received prison term sentences (Patterson 64). The Washington Post reporters continued their thorough inquiry into the burglary issue. Bernstein proceeded to Miami, wherein he discovered that a check worth $25,000 that was intended for the reelection campaign of Nixon was deposited in one of the burglars bank account (Washington Post). According to the report, the check was received by Maurice Stans; he was the former Secretary of Commerce which also became the chief fundraiser for Nixon. This is the first time that a direct link between the burglary and the reelection campaign funds of Nixon was discovered. All the important details that Washington Post used in their reports were taken from a reliable anonymous source that was referred to as Deep Throat (Washington Post; â€Å"Watergate†). The identity of this source was only revealed in 2005; it turned out to be W. Mark Felt, the deputy director for the FBI during the Watergate scandal (Washington Post; â€Å"Watergate†). The Washington Post stories continued its investigation, and soon it brought to light the involvement of several of Nixons closest aides (Washington Post; â€Å"Watergate†). These included John N. Mitchell, a former U. S. Attorney General and assistant to the CRP director; John W. Dean III, a counsel to the White House; John Ehrlichman, a White House Special Assistant on Domestic Affairs and Haldeman. In February 1973, the U. S. Senate created a committee to be lead by North Carolina Senator Sam Ervin, to investigate the issue at hand. On April 30, 1973, as the reports regarding the White House involvement with Watergate burglary intensified, Nixon made public the resignations of Haldeman and Ehrlichman, as well as the dismissal of Dean (Washington Post; â€Å"Watergate†). Richard Kleindienst, the U. S. Attorney General, also submitted his resignation (â€Å"Watergate†). The Senate investigation also intensified (Patterson 64). Aside from the Committee, the investigation now included Judge Sirica, Bernstein and Woodward, and Archibald Cox. Elliot Richardson succeeded Kleindienst as attorney general, and Cox was the special prosecutor assigned by Richardson (â€Å"Watergate†). In May 1973, the hearings of the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Activities began. Dean told the committee that the burglary was the brainchild of Mitchell. He also claimed that Nixon himself released money to silence the burglars (â€Å"Watergate†). However, the most crucial step in the investigation was the testimony of Alexander Butterfield (â€Å"Watergate†). Butterfield was a former staff member in the White House (Patterson 64). On July 16, 1973, he testified that Nixon ordered for a system to be installed which enabled all conversations to be tape recorded (â€Å"Watergate†). Immediately, the Senate Committee sought to acquire the tapes (Patterson 64). The former subpoenaed eight tapes as included in Deans testimony (â€Å"Watergate†). Nixon used Executive Privilege as an excuse to not to release the tapes; he also attempted to have Cox fired (Patterson 64). On October 20, 1973, Richardson resigned in protest of Nixons efforts to have Cox fired (Patterson 64; â€Å"Watergate†). Even William Ruckelshaus, the Deputy Attorney General, resigned. In the end, it was Solicitor General Robert Bork who fired Cox. The series of events was later known as the Saturday Night Massacre (Patterson 64; â€Å"Watergate†). On November 1, Leon Jaworski became the new special prosecutor (Patterson 64; â€Å"Watergate†). Nixon did submit the tapes to Judge Sirica, but some conversations were missing while one tape had an 18-minute gap caused by erasures (â€Å"Watergate†). In March 1974, seven men, including Haldeman, Ehrlichman and Mitchell, were indicted for conspiracy to obstruct justice with regards to the Watergate cover up (Patterson 64; â€Å"Watergate†). Soon, the House Judiciary Committee held its own investigation; in April that same year, the tapes of 42 conversations in the White House were subpoenaed by the committee. Later that month, Nixon released instead â€Å"edited transcripts† (â€Å"Watergate†). The transcripts were not accepted by the committee, as it was not what they were asking for in the subpoena. Afterwards, Judge Sirica also subpoenaed for another set of tapes. This time, it was those which contained the 42 conversations in the White House. The said tapes were to be used as evidence against the seven aforementioned officials. One again, Nixon failed to do so. This forced Jaworski to appeal to the Supreme Court (Patterson 64; â€Å"Watergate†). On July 24, The Supreme Court unanimously voted that Nixon release the tapes (Patterson 64; â€Å"Watergate†). The last few days of July 1974 was characterized by the efforts of the Judiciary Committee to impeach Nixon (â€Å"Watergate†). The grounds for impeachment were the following: â€Å"obstruction of justice, abuse of presidential powers, and trying to impede the impeachment process by defying committee subpoenas† (Patterson 64). On August 5, 1974, Nixon finally released the tapes in public (Patterson 64; â€Å"Watergate†). One of the said tapes revealed how Nixon was indeed guilty in attempting to hinder the FBI in investigating the Watergate burglary (Patterson 64). On August 9, 1974, President Richard Nixon resigned as chief executive (Patterson 64; â€Å"Watergate†). The Watergate scandal had extremely shattered the belief of the American community in their own president (â€Å"Watergate†). Even the U. S. Constitution was tested in this situation. However, the scandal proved that indeed the system of checks and balances was effective enough to detect the abuse in power. It also taught everyone a lesson: regardless of the ones position in society, the law applies to all (â€Å"Watergate†). Hence, the Watergate scandal brought the downfall of an abusive president and the peoples belief in the presidency. However, it was also a victory for the American people, as justice was served to those at fault as justice was attained by those who fought for it. Works Cited Patterson, James T. â€Å"Watergate. † Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia. 21 vols. New York: Lexicon Publications, 1992. â€Å"Watergate. † Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2007. 20 May 2008 http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761553070/Watergate. html. Washington Post. â€Å"Part 1: The Post Investigates. † The Watergate Story. 20 May 2008 http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part1. html.

Simulation-supported Wargaming in MNE 4 :: essays research papers

Simulation-supported Wargaming in MNE 4 1. Introduction The objective of this document is to emphasize the importance of simulation as a measure of complexity reduction and planner’s tool for decision support in MNE 4’s Effects-Based Planning (EBP) process. Starting with an overview of the underlying principles of Wargaming and Modeling and Simulation (M&S), the outcome of this abstract is a ‘Process for the application of simulation to support Wargaming in MNE 4’. This document may also serve as a basis for MNE 4 design and execution decision-makers in order to determine the value of simulation as a wargaming tool for MNE 4. 2. The Art of Wargaming Wargaming and Course-of-Action Analysis are approved instruments of military planning in order to determine the feasibility and validity of military options and plans. Traditionally wargaming was conducted by exposing Blue military options to the challenges of Red Team’s counter-actions just using people’s brain, pen and paper. Today, the complexity of the battlefield has experienced significant increases due to the challenges of asymmetric menaces after the end of the Cold War. The concept of Effects-Based Operations (EBO) tries to embrace these new conditions based on ambitious processes like Knowledge Base Development (KBD). Furthermore, military planning and operation execution have to cope not only with a highly complex and dynamic adversary’s system conducting asymmetric operations, but also with great challenges on the Blue side, such as the coordination and interaction of multiple coalition partners and different agencies and organizations in a non-linear battlespace. Experiences from recent months and years have undoubtedly proven that EBO cannot be successfully conducted without adequate support by IT tools. Especially the various wargaming activities within EBP cannot be properly accomplished by just using traditional measures. Military planners desperately need automated tools in order to handle data masses, multi-dimensional and dynamic interrelations within the adversary’s system and own (blue) forces and instruments. 3. Simulation as an Analysis Method Basically, there are two major approaches for answering optimization questions: the analytical approach and the numerical approach. As the analytic approach tries to exactly calculate results considering the objective function, limitation variables and all other relevant factors, the numerical approach allows only for approximate results often using iterative or even heuristic processes. Nevertheless, numerical methods have a far more practical weight (see Reference 3) since in opposition to the analytical methods they can handle complex systems with great varieties of variables. Simulation is one of a whole set of numerical methods and additionally, it comprises another major advantage especially useful for wargaming problems: it models dynamics.

The art of dirty deeds

English Coursework Robert Hoarsely Another cupboard smashed onto the heavy oak table as the maelstrom of debris continued to swirl, fuelled by the vicious wind from the broken windows. There was a resounding crack as a chair was hurled at the table. â€Å"You left me to rot, you are no son of mine,† wailed the lady of the house. He couldn't see her, she was invisible, but he knew all too well she was there as he cowered under the table. The rain continued to pound down, its staccato beat all too loud through the broken windows.Lightning flashed as he made a break for the door that was banging against the wall in the mind. An Inhuman shriek came from behind him. He raced through the door as the table he had been taking refuge hurtled after him into the doorway in a shower of plaster and splinters. The main hallway he was now in was dominated by a huge glittering chandelier. He paused for a moment to catch his breath as he heard his mother howling in rage. With a groan the chand elier above him ripped away from the ceiling.It fell onto him with a crash, landing In an explosion of glittering glass like a frenzied rave of fireflies. He had barely enough time to think as It knocked him cold. As he flitted in and out of consciousness he remembered how he came to be in that current predicament. Don't go daddy,† said his daughter. â€Å"We want you to be here for Christmas daddy,† whined his son. â€Å"Of course I'll be back for Christmas; I'm Just off for a week to get granny's old stuff from her house in the Yorkshire Dales. It'll only be a week you know that and Ill tell you what, Ill bring extra Christmas presents. â€Å"Do be careful Mr. Jerome,† said the nursemaid as she ushered the children onto the pavement. â€Å"l will,† Mr. Jerome said as the children chorused goodbyes , he climbed into the carriage and with a flick of the driver's reins the arraign picked up speed down the misty London street. He vaguely remembered the trai n Journey as the inky blackness swept past, punctuated by lights of villages. He Intended to collect family heirlooms and other valuables to distribute to his family back In London. The dark looming mass of the house had dwarfed him as he had stepped off the carriage.Its Imposing bulk seemed to swallow all living things through its gloomy shaded windows and solid looking front door. It was big enough to take a week to go through all the rooms to get what he needed, then sort them. Lang resounded throughout his head as the huge chandelier was savagely picked up and hurled Into the solid wooden front doors. Then there was a deafening silence In the house. The rain continued to beat down outside and the wind ripped at the garden but the house was silent once more.Rubbing his head, he climbed the grand staircase, still wary of the ghost of his mother. He made his way to the study where there were three traveling trunks, two of which were full of the valuables and the other was to be fil led with Important documents. There was the distinctive tang of smoke but his thoughts were on other things. The door handle felt unusually warm as he opened leaping flames that had already consumed his traveling trunks and was taking hold of the rest of the room in a fiery, swirling inferno.Coughing from the swirling smoke he stumbled into the hallway. It was spreading rapidly, too fast to be any normal fire. His mother, he thought, she was burning down the house, the house he had been brought up in, the house she had lived in for over 60 years. As he watched, smoke streamed out of other rooms in tendrils and the smell of smoke was overpowering. He was trapped; he was going to be burned alive, scorched and screaming in this twisted, sick house.

jazz dance Essay - 2756 Words

The varieties of jazz dance reflect the diversity of American culture. Jazz dance mirrors the social history of the American people, reflecting ethnic influences, historic events, and cultural changes. Jazz dance has been greatly influenced by social dance and popular music. But, like so much that is â€Å"from America†, the history of jazz dance begins somewhere else. The origins of jazz music and dance are found in the rhythms and movements brought to America by African slaves. The style of African dance is earthy; low, knees bent, pulsating body movements emphasized by body isolations and hand-clapping. As slaves forced into America, starting during the 1600’s, Africans from many cultures were cut off from their families, languages and†¦show more content†¦Just when social dancing was at its height, World War 2 put a stop to its popularity. Lack of attendance, plus the intricate rhythmic patterns of modern jazz music, which were too complex for social dancing, led to the closing of dance halls and ballrooms. With the demise of social dance, the growth of jazz dance as a professional dance form began. During the 1940’s, jazz dance was influenced by ballet and modern dance. By blending the classical technique of ballet with the natural bodily expression of modern dance, jazz developed a sophisticated artistic quality. Unlike early jazz dance, which was performed by talented entertainers without formal training, modern jazz dance was performed by professionals trained in ballet and modern dance. It was during this time that man who later came to be known as the â€Å"Father of Theatrical Jazz Dance†, Jack Cole, was busy developing his technique. Jack Cole had studied modern, ballet, and ethnic dance, had been a student at Denishawn and had done choreographic work in the nightclub scene. In the 1940’s there was a serious demand for groups of trained dancers for film work and Jack Cole was the one who started developing these trained jazz dancers for the Hollywood movie musicals. Also, during this time Gene Kelly, began making his mark as a dancer in Hollywood musicals. His impact on jazz was his individual, energetic dance style that combined athletic, gymnastic qualities with jazz and tap.Show MoreRelatedInvestigating Modern Jazz Dance And The Samba No Pe1789 Words   |  8 PagesInvestigating modern jazz dance and the Samba no pà © Introduction: Many interesting comparisons may be drawn between both the samba and jazz dance: not only are their historical contexts highly comparable, as they both set against the background of imperialism and oppression, but are extremely popular in their respective cultures, today. Moreover, both dances are very similar in respect to their movement and music, in which either one may be performed to music or to no music. 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